A reform to the Kyoto Protocol that allows signatories to pay a fine instead of meeting the target level of abatement would achieve three goals. First, it would defuse one U.S. objection to the agreement: the concern that the cost of achieving the target might turn out to be extremely high. Second, unlike other cost-reducing measures (such as trade in pollution permits) it would increase the eq...

We present a combined study of single and double K–K electron transfer cross sections along with the single and double K-shell ionization of Ar induced by Si projectiles in the energy range 0.9–4.0 MeV u−1. The charge-state dependence of the normal and hypersatellite x-rays was used to derive the cross sections for the oneand two-electron processes, respectively. The enhancement in the fluoresc...

A reform to the Kyoto Protocol that allows signatories to pay a ne instead of meeting the target level of abatement would achieve three goals. First, it would defuse one U.S. objection to the agreement: the concern that the cost of achieving the target might turn out to be extremely high. Second, unlike other cost-reducing measures (such as trade in pollution permits) it would increase the equi...

Electricity production is a challenging issue when it comes to mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions without risking development goals. Non-renewable energy sources, as fossil fuel burning, account for most of the global energy production (68% in 2007) and are responsible for most of the anthropogenic GHG emissions to the atmosphere (40%, International Panel on Climate Change IPCC, 2007)....

Green bonds will play a key role in a lower-carbon economy The lower-carbon, sustainable global economy called for by the IEA is being rapidly and widely embraced by corporations, governments, and NGOs around the world. Engaging and partnering with the capital markets will be key to realizing this new economy, and green bonds will play an important role in both growing climate-friendly industri...

This paper presents a new concept to include uncertainty management in energy and environmental planning models developed in algebraic modeling languages. SETSTOCH is a tool for linking Algebraic Modeling Languages with Specialized Stochastic Programming Solvers. Its main role is to retrieve from the modeling language a dynamically ordered core model (baseline scenario) that is sent automatical...

Since the first international comparative study on students’ achievement in the beginning of 1960’s, the interest of countries from all over the world to participate in studies initiated by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), has been growing rapidly. In the First International Mathematics Study (FIMS, 1964) just 12 countries participated. In TIMSS...

T. Gebhard1, D. Alvarenga2, P.L. Souza3, P.S.S. Guimarães2, K. Unterrainer1, M.P. Pires4, G.S. Vieira5, and J.M. Villas Boas6 1Center for Micro & Nanostructures, TU, Vienna, Austria 2 Departamento de Fisica, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 3 LabSem/CETUC, PUC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4 Instituto de Fisica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 5 Divisão de Fisica Aplicada, IEA, São José dos Campos, Brazil 6...

Regime shifts have been observed in marine ecosystems around the globe. These phenomena can result in dramatic changes in the provision of ecosystem services to coastal communities. Accounting for regime shifts in management clearly requires integrative, ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches. EBM has emerged as an accepted paradigm for ocean management worldwide, yet, despite the rapid an...