Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin inflammation, barrier dysfunction and chronic pruritus. In this review, recent advances in the pathogenesis of AD are summarized. Clinical efficacy of the anti-IL-4 receptor antibody dupilumab implies that type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 have pivotal roles in atopic inflammation. The expression of IL-4 and IL-13 as well as type 2 chemokines such a...

Background: Preeclampsia is a common pregnancy-specific disorder associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has been proposed that the imbalance between two CD4+ T cell subtypes, regulatory T cells (Treg) and T-helper 17 cells (Th17), is involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Objectives: To determine the serum levels of IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 and...

interleukin-1β (il-1β) has a role in β- cell destruction in autoimmune diabetes by stimulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) that generates the free radical nitric oxide. we aimed to investigate the effect of achillea millefolium l, as a traditional hypoglycemic agent, on il-1β and inos gene expression of pancreatic tissue in the stz- induced diabetic rats. forty adul...

dentin bonding agents (dba) have been used as root-end filling materials. present study evaluated the effects of polymerized dba on secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by normal human monocytes. in this study, monocytes were directly isolated from human peripheral blood, and exposed to cured scotch bond 1 (single bond) and prime and bond for 36 and 72 hours. secretion of il-1β and tnf-α in ...

the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (ham/tsp) in htlv-i infected individuals are not fully understood. host genetic factors appear to be involved as risk factors for developing ham/tsp. we investigated the possible contribution of interleukin-10 (il-10) as a risk factor to ham/...

Introduction: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. In addition to their neurological roles, astrocytes also have immune functions. They have been involved in antigen presentation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activated astrocytes express adhesion molecules, chemokines and release several inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic and neuroprotective fac...

Objective(s):IL-12 as an anti-tumor cytokine and IL-33 a novel identified cytokine with both pro- or anti-tumor activities, play important roles in response against tumor cells. Our aim was to evaluate the IL-12 and IL-33 levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in their genes in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods:Blood samples were collected from 100 patients with breas...

background: interleukin (il)-23 and il-27 are two il-12-related cytokines which their function may dramatically influence the inflammatory response to tumor development. il-12 and il-27 seem to have antagonistic roles with il-23 in tumor site. in this study, il-23 and il-27 mrna expressions were analyzed in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer and healthy volunteers using quantitativ...