according to the traditionists (akhbārīs), “inference of theoretical precepts from the external meanings of the qur’ān and the sunna of the prophet without reference to the infallible imams is not permitted. also, after enquiry into the sayings of the imams, if no contextual evidence is found, it has to be ceased and no recourse can be made to the above external meanings.” the reasons that akhb...

The term ulū’l-amr (those in authority) is central to the Muslim understanding of leadership, although it has been understood differently by different scholars. appears twice Qur’an, namely verses 59 and 83 chapter 4 (sūrat al-Nisā’), which serve as cornerstone starting point entire religious, social, political structure Islam. This article carefully examines early exegesis Qur’anic how two hav...

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on industrial tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Isma F1) cultivated in North-Eastern Algeria was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions in a vertisol soil intended for the cultivation of industrial tomato. In the greenhouse, a commercial AMF inoculum and native fungal isolates consisting of Funneliformis mosseae and Septoglomus c...

Given a set of mixed spectral vectors, spectral mixture analysis (or spectral unmixing) aims at estimating the number of reference materials, also called endmembers, their spectral signatures, and their fractional abundances. A semi-supervised approach to deal with the linear spectral unmixing problem consists in assuming that the observed spectral vectors are linear combinations of a small num...

The popularity and evolution of mobile devices like laptops, mobile phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), and the evolution of fast mobile networks in the last decade, have made it possible to increase the complexity of mobile applications and services provided to end-users. It is also a spectacular growth in multimedia communication especially via the World Wide Web. This paper explore...

The starting point of this article is a debate that took place in Denmark 2021, when the Danish Health Authority together with Islamic organizations produced pamphlet on Covid-19 vaccination which contained answers to religious questions Muslims might have about vaccine. was broadly condemned by politicians. This shows far from first time health authorities used or referred specific interpretat...

The major aim of the religious person is to obey God’s injunctions and follow His ways. If he or she shall do so, will attain success in this world world-to-come. Thus, Abrahamic religions have come center on precepts involving man’s relationship with God an occupation spirituality. Accordingly, central figures those who head hierarchy are rabbis (in Judaism), priests monks Christianity), Imams...