At present, strict and lifelong gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for celiac disease. Even small amounts of gluten (50 mg/day) can be immunogenic; therefore all food and food items and drugs that contain gluten and its derivatives must be eliminated completely from the diet. While prescribing gluten-free diet is easy; the key to the success is the dietary counseling by a nutritio...

The accumulated literature suggests that altering the immune capacities of animals or humans seldom has detectable effects on tumor incidence nor, it seems, does the growth of an untransplanted tumor, either spontaneous or induced, immunize the host against the growth of a subsequent implant of that tumor. These observations suggest that even clearly immunogenic transplanted tumors may not have...

Immunological tolerance is a fundamental tenant of immune homeostasis and overall health. Self-tolerance is a critical component of the immune system that allows for the recognition of self, resulting in hyporeactivity instead of immunogenicity. Dendritic cells are central to the establishment of dominant immune tolerance through the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and regulatory polar...

A gene encoding the nucleoprotein (N) of rabies virus was inserted into the genome of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Recombinant gene expression was controlled by the strong polyhedrin gene promoter. Insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) infected by a baculovirus recombinant containing the rabies virus N gene produced abundant amounts of a novel 55-kilodalton ...

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first described in 2006 and have since emerged as a promising cell source for clinical applications. The rapid progression in iPSC technology is still ongoing and directed toward increasing the efficacy of iPSC production and reducing the immunogenic and tumorigenic potential of these cells. Enormous efforts have been made to apply iPSC-based technolo...

Research has substantiated the role of several mechanisms responsible for alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. These mechanisms include: oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; immunogenic processes initiated by formation of protein adducts of acetaldehyde, other aldehydes and 1-hydroxyethyl radicals; and activation of Kupffer cells by endotoxin and subsequent cascade of events that involved cytoki...

Carbohydrate-based vaccines are among the safest and most effective vaccines and represent potent tools for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases, like meningitis and pneumonia. The chemical conjugation of a weak antigen to protein as a source of T-cell epitopes generates a glycoconjugate vaccine that results more immunogenic. Several methods have been used so far to char...

Diversity among the pathogenic strains of Theileria equi (T. equi), a major agent of equine piroplasmosis, can affect the appropriate detection of parasite and host immunization. Production of recombinant surface proteins from an infected horse in natural endemic area provides a reliable tool for immunodiagnosis of parasite. Regarding this, the present study was targeted toward the cloning, exp...

A novel photobioreactor was developed with a total volume of 30 m(3) which required merely 100 m(3) of land footprint. The bioreactor was capable of utilizing CO(2) in the flue gas of a power plant as the carbon source for the growth of a freshwater alga, Spirulina platensis, mitigating the greenhouse effect caused by the same amount of CO(2) discharge. Results of the study indicated that the p...