Weather fluctuations have shaped the economic activities of humans for centuries. And in poor, developing countries, where large swathes of the population continue to depend on basic agriculture, the weather continues to be a key determinant of production and employment. This raises the possibility that weather shocks may translate into increases in mortality. To investigate this possibility we...

The Swedish comprehensive school reform implied an extension of the number of years of compulsory school from 7 or 8 to 9 for the entire nation and was implemented as a social experiment by municipality between 1949 and 1962. A previous study (Meghir and Palme, 2005) has shown that this reform signi cantly increased the number of years of schooling as well as labor earnings of the children who ...

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is associated with malignant tumors that arise from stem cells near the basement membrane of the epithelial bladder surface. Exposure of carcinogens to the urothelium leads to genetic alterations in cells, increasing the malignant potential. Of the different environmental exposures, cigarette smoke is considered the greatest risk factor in the development of TC...

This paper brings together evidence from a number of randomized experiments designed to address the problem of absence of teachers and health providers in developing countries. The goal is to see what, if any, lessons we can draw from them. Our tentative conclusion is that these service providers are willing to respond even to quite moderate incentives. The constraint seems to be in getting the...

This paper determines how different network structures influence the diffusion of innovations. We develop a model of diffusion where: 1. an individual’s decision to adopt a new technology is influenced by his contacts; and 2. contacts can discuss, coordinate, and make adoption decisions together. A measure of connectedness, ‘cohesion’, determines diffusion. A cohesive community is defined as a ...

We develop a framework for non-parametrically identifying optimization frictions and structural elasticities using notches–discontinuities in the choice sets of agents–introduced by for example tax and transfer policies. Notches create excess bunching on the low-tax side and missing mass on the high-tax side of a cutoff, and they are often associated with a region of strictly dominated choice t...

A description of the actual treatment of the insane in medieval Islamic society is a difficult task for three major reasons. First, the medical texts, especially the well-known treatise on insanity by Ishaq ibn 'Imran,2 give descriptions of various mental disturbances and their therapies; these accounts are, however, usually restricted to the Galenic tradition, are generally nonclinical, and do...

475. Surveillance of Hemodialysis Events: A Prospective Multicenter Study, First Report from Turkey Imran Hasanoglu, MD, PhD; Rahmet Guner, Prof. Dr.; H. Veli Atalay, MD, PhD; Suzan Sahin, MD, PhD; Ergun Parmaksiz, MD, PhD; Fatma Yilmaz Karadag, MD, PhD; Sabahat Alışır Ecder; Tugba Arslan Gulen, MD, PhD; Zuhal Atan Ucar, MD, PhD; Oguz Karabay; Savas Sipahi; Derya Yapar, MD, PhD.; Ibrahim Dogan,...

This study aims to discuss the factors of increasing and decreasing faith in book al-Azhar interpretation. uses a qualitative research method with type library (Library research) primary source form interpretation by Buya Hamka secondary sources books, theses, articles other scientific works related title this apply content analysis as follows. tool analyze collected data so that it can be desc...

Pakistan has been ruled by military regimes for almost half of its history. Since the first coup in 1958, experimented with a variety political strategies and models civil-military relations, including purely rule various forms hybrid regimes. The military's attitude toward Islam also evolved over time. 1947, recognized role religion as basis national identity sought to integrate it into offici...