We have previously shown that a hydrophobic alkylating compound, 1,5-iodonaphthyl-azide (INA) can efficiently inactivate the virulent strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), V3000 in vitro. In this study, we have evaluated the safety of INA-inactivated V3000 and V3526 and the protective efficacy of INA-inactivated V3000. INA-inactivated V3000 and V3526 did not cause disease in su...

The skin is potentially an important vaccine delivery route facilitated by a high number of resident antigen presenting cells (APCs), which are known to be stimulated different Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa). In this study, neonatal and adult pigs were vaccinated in the using dissolving microneedle patches investigate immuno-stimulatory potential TLRa possible age-dependent differences earl...

The corticospinal and rubrospinal systems function in skilled movement control. A key question is how do these develop the capacity to coordinate their motor functions and, turn, if red nucleus/rubrospinal tract (RN/RST) compensates for developmental injury? We used cat investigate whether developing system shaped by activity-dependent interactions with system. unilaterally inactivated M1 musci...

Hemorrhagic septicemia is an economically important bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes [6]. The disease remains a significant obstacle to sustainable livestock production in most parts of tropical Asia and Africa. It is caused by Pasteurella multocida a natural inhabitant of the mucosal surfaces of upper part of the respiratory tract of ruminants, and under predisposing environmental or ...

Sodium channels are one of the most intensively studied drug targets. Sodium channel inhibitors (e.g., local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics and analgesics) exert their effect by stabilizing an inactivated conformation of the channels. Besides the fast-inactivated conformation, sodium channels have several distinct slow-inactivated conformational states. Stabilization of a slow-in...

Betanodavirus is the pathogen of viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease that has caused mass mortality among many species of marine fish at larval stage. In this study, the efficacy of inactivated betanodavirus was evaluated by bath-immunization and bath-challenge of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) at early larval stage. Two kinds of chemicals were used for inactivation of the virus...