I N recent years, several notes in this journal have called attention to the distinctive wing-flashing of the Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) , in which the wings are opened upward at about 45” in a series of jerking movements, then closed. In this display, large white wing patches are exposed. The function of this behavior remains unknown; but, since the display is most frequently seen being p...

Plants and Insects are studied since decades, but, most of the time, separately. In Agronomy, plants are studied in order to improve crop yields while insects are studied in order to control their (negative or positive) impacts on crop yields. It is well known that plants and insects are always in interaction but, surprisingly, they are very few mathematical models of these interactions. For in...

Like the idea it advocates, The Tuning of Place begins with the suggestion that “the influences people exert on one another go beyond those between two agents seeking to affect each other’s behavior” (xviii). From here, the text repeatedly appeals for an attendance to the “subtle shifts secreted within apparently bold moves” (185) that are “the currency that enables innovation” (240). In partic...

 Background: Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) is a relevant ornamental and medicinal flower, whose distillation is known as Golab (Rosewater) in Iran. Due to the nature of the distillation process, methanol and ethanol are likely to be formed in the final product. Therefore, due to their toxicity, along with their frequent prescription, this study aims to investigate the concentrations of essent...