abstract: the global warming process during last century has not only affected on meteorological elements but also affected on onset and end of each meteorological elements. for studying probability changes in time series of onset and end date of temperature thresholds 0 and 5 centigrade in country level and deciding the kind and its direction, daily temperature data during the past 45 years (1...

The National Weather Service (NWS), with occasional augmentation by private assessors and universities, often uses damage surveys to determine path characteristics of wind events in general and tornadoes in particular. The results flow into a wide variety of utilizations, primarily involving: • Climatological recordkeeping, including the county-segmented Storm Data listing and its whole-tornado...

The physical environment affects and interacts with agroforestry systems through tree and crop growth, animal performance, management operations and interactions between the tree/shrub and non-tree components (abbreviated to tree/crop interactions). Interactions take place mainly through the media of microclimate, soil moisture and soil. They may have beneficial or adverse effects, for tree and...

This article introduces the synoptic catalog, a computerized combination of a hospital library catalog and a bookseller's catalog. Majors Scientific Books and Richmond Memorial Hospital Libraries in Virginia collaborated to develop the model. A logical evolution in catalog theory and practice, the design expands the identification, collocation, and evaluation functions of the traditional librar...

Monsoon circulations are major features of the tropical atmosphere, which, primarily through the rainfall associated with them, are of profound importance to a large fraction of the world’s population. While there is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a monsoon, there are some criteria that are widely accepted (see, e.g., the discussions in Ramage (1971), Webster (1987), and...

This research develops a comparative study between different multiplicative weights that are assigned to the covariance matrix represents background error in two hybrid assimilation schemes: 3DEnVAR and 4DEnVAR. These distributed static time-invariant generated from perturbations of previous ensemble. The values 25%, 50%, 75%, always having as reference ensemble matrix. experiments applied shor...

in many flood control projects, watershed management and water resources development, calculation of the river flow discharge is of the paramount importance which requires a comprehensive hydrological modeling of the region of interest. in this respect, lack of the existence of hydrometric and meteorology measuring stations in most of watersheds, has caused numerous problems in development and ...