the principle of equality of arms means that each party in an action shall present her claim in an environment so that this does not put him in a worse condition compared to the other party of the trial. this principle has been internationally and locally embraced by authorities. from the perspective of international documents, the acceptance of this principle is partly influenced by the accept...

Abstract We consider the estate division or bankruptcy problem and assume that players sequentially put claims on estate. Each part of is then divided proportionally with respect to number it. focus myopic play: first claim hitherto least claimed parts, subgame perfect equilibria. Our main result strategies constitute a equilibrium if punishments for deviators are included.

Herbal medicines include a range of pharmacologically active compounds: in some cases it is not well understood which ingredients are important for a therapeutic effect. The supporters of herbal medicine believe that isolated ingredients in the majority of cases have weaker clinical effects than whole plant extract, a claim that would obviously require proof in each case. Generalizations about ...