the khushab anticline is located in the zagros fold-thrust belt in the lurestan. this anticline is affected by the balarud fault zone, which is a part of mountain front fault between the lurestan and dezful embayment zones. based on the measurement of the elements of fold style, this anticline is analyzed. according to these measurements, this anticline is a noncylindrical, asymmetrical and dis...

This work presents a case study which includes regions of large rapidly varying vertical velocities observed by a VHF wind-profiler at Aberystwyth (52.4 N, 4.1 W). Analysis indicates that this region is associated with gravity waves above the tropopause level and simultaneous regions of convective activity below the tropopause level. This case study also suggests that convective activity can be...

The tropical cold-point tropopause temperature (CPTT), a potentially important indicator of global climate change, is of particular importance for understanding changes in stratospheric water vapor levels. Since the 1980s, the tropical CPTT has shown not only interannual variations, but also a decreasing trend. However, the factors controlling the variations in the tropical CPTT since the 1980s...

An investigation has been made into the suitability of a thermal detector for determining the boundary layer state on an aircraft, based on the principle of more rapid heat transfer aMoss a turbulent, compared with a laminw, bounda$%yer. tiollowing sudcessful laboratory and wind tunnel tests, a few subsonio flight tests with the detectors mounted in a flat plate showed that they~could be used s...

Satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is analyzed to examine regions of the upper troposphere that are supersaturated: where the relative humidity (RH) is greater than 100%. AIRS data compare well to other in situ and satellite observations of RH and provide daily global coverage up to 200 hPa, though satellite observations of supersaturation are highly uncertain. The clim...

We have developed a new wave scheme particularly aiming to provide better temperature fields with realistic variability for trajectory modeling of dehydration processes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). The new scheme includes amplitude-phase interpolation and amplification of waves in reanalysis data. Amplification factors are based on statistical variability differences between reanalys...

Ozonesonde measurements from Hong Kong and Naha are combined with satellite observations to investigate the vertical structure of ozone water vapor around tropopause during typhoon Soudelor over northwestern Pacific in 2015. The results show that height is decreased compared mean 2000–2017 western mode Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA). transport associated decreases concentration by 60% ...

Bromoform (CHBr3) contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion but is not regulated under the Montreal Protocol due its short lifetime and large natural sources. Here, we show that anthropogenic sources contribute significantly amount of CHBr3 transported into Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical stratosphere. We present a new emission inventory comprised sources, with latter estimated from s...

This paper reports a complete diagnosis of energetics the three representative structurally distinct unstable modes in Charney problem with generic stratosphere presented Mak et al (2021). The vertically-local-energetics these (Charney+ mode, Green mode and Tropopause mode) helps delineate physical nature impacts tropopause upon their vertical structures. total-energetics reveals that computati...