Under the ‘new normal’ in labor market, individuals can work remotely or person, a hybrid mode that became ubiquitous during pandemic. This paper studies efficiency of decentralized leadership federations which is modus operandi. Self-interested regional governments and benevolent central government interact strategically dynamic games there are provisions federal public goods interregional inc...

2.2 Inequality Measures and Decompositions ............................................................................................... 78 2.2.1 Inequality measures and the extended Gini..................................................................................... 78 2.2.2 Source decomposition of the Gini and the Gini income elasticity................................................. ...

Many governments use price and tax subsidization to meet social protection objectives in lieu of, or in addition to, direct income transfers. Such subsidies may be perceived as influencing behavior to further other socially desirable policies. For example, the price response induced by lowering the price of schooling or key food items will both lower the cost of living for the beneficiaries and...

Cost-sharing between governments and families remains a strategic part of many governments’ post-secondary education funding policies in low-income countries. This shift to more cost-sharing raises questions about how households meet their contributions schooling costs. study uses data from the World Bank’s Global Financial Inclusion survey Development Indicators examine savings account ownersh...

International migrants are subjected to numerous influences that may alter their fertility. The act of migration is disruptive to reproduction while exposure to different societal norms in addition to the transfer of remittance income can generate ideas and opportunities for household family planning. Contemporary data for three Central American countries (Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Nicaragua) ...

This paper provides evidence against the argument that the rich prevent the poor from obtaining public education in unequal developing democracies. In Brazilian municipalities with low median incomes, voters are significantly less likely to reelect incumbent candidates from parties that increased the number of local public primary schools during their terms. This is not true for municipalities ...

Previous literature has shown that missing credit or insurance markets do not necessarily provide an efficiency-based argument for educational subsidies, starting with a laissez faire competitive equilibrium. We show that they do, provided learning abilities vary idiosyncratically. In an OLG economy with ability heterogeneity and missing financial markets, we prove: (a) every competitive equili...

Many governments use price and tax subsidization to meet social protection objectives in lieu of, or in addition to, direct income transfers. Such subsidies may be perceived as influencing behavior to further other socially desirable policies. For example, the price response induced by lowering the price of schooling or key food items will both lower the cost of living for the beneficiaries and...

Most actual tax-transfer systems include categorical transfer payments, based on(nearly) exogenous characteristics such as disability or date of birth. In this paper, I note thatoptimal categorical transfers are a form of limited lump-sum redistribution and analyze optimalcategorical transfers in relation to the theory of first-best lump-sum redistribution. I examine theeffects ...