In conventional form-based dialogue manager, the task structure of a given task domain is built on E-form or flat slot structure, which some useful structure information of the task domain has been lost. This paper describes a hierarchical task structure model that is domain independent at least for a class of task domains. Based on the task structure model, a rule based dialogue management, wh...

the necessity and importance of teaching pragmatics has come to light by many researchers (e.g. rose & kasper, 2001). due to the consensus over the need to teach pragmatic competence, the main issue now centers on the question of how we should teach this competence in the most effective way. consistent with this line of research, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of d...

the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of goal setting on learning volleyball serve in novice female university students. the study included 20 female students (aged between 20 and 22 who were not physical education students with no volleyball history) who were randomly assigned to a goal setting or no goal setting group (n1=n2=10) using pretest scores. no goal setting group was...

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This article reports on the findings of a study that investigated the impact of manipulating task performance conditions on listening task performance by learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The study was designed to explore the effects of changing complexity dimensions on listening task performance and to achieve two aims: to see how listening comprehension task performance was aff...