Biomineralization is a widely dispersed and highly regulated but poorly understood process by which organisms precipitate minerals from a wide variety of elements [1]. For many years, it has been hypothesized that the biological precipitation of carbonates is catalyzed by and organized on an extracellular organic matrix containing a suite of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides [2, 3]. The str...

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is one of the challenging areas of pattern recognition. It gained popularity among the research community due to its vast application potentials. Extensive research has been done on OCR evidenced by a large number of research articles published in the literature during the last few decades. Most of the research works reported in this area are for Roman, Chine...

The expression of uncoupling protein (UCP1) is up-regulated in mammalian brown adipocytes during cold exposure. However, a previous study revealed that UCP1 was highly expressed in the liver of common carps, and that the hepatic expression of UCP1 was down-regulated during cold exposure. The present study examined the effects of temperature on the recovery of UCP1 expression levels and the expr...

A novel positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus (Halastavi árva RNA virus, HalV; JN000306) with di-cistronic genome organization was serendipitously identified in intestinal contents of freshwater carps (Cyprinus carpio) fished by line-fishing from fishpond "Lőrinte halastó" located in Veszprém County, Hungary. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of the genomic RNA is 9565 nt in le...

Percussive and electrical stunning are the most promising methods in terms of rendering fish unconscious prior to slaughter. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of these two stunning methods on postmortem muscle changes and meat quality of common carps. The experimental fish were stunned either by percussion (Group 1) or by electrical current application (Group 2), both followed b...

Background: The popularity of snack foods among children and younger has attracted the attention food processor for finding out new avenues earning profit. Therefore, aim this research was to develop crackers from freshwater fish, catla if found successful, become a part industry on large scale. Methods: Fresh Labeo were procured local market, available at Nagpur city, Maharashtra. mince prepar...

Previous studies on mitochondrial DNA analysis of sheep from different regions of the world have revealed the presence of two major- A and B, and three minor- C, D and E maternal lineages. Lineage A is more frequent in Asia and lineage B is more abundant in regions other than Asia. We have analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences of 330 sheep from 12 different breeds of India. Neighbor-joining anal...

Indian Languages are Indo-Aryan being influenced by Sanskrit or Dravidian being influenced by Tamil. Dravidian Languages have the influence of Sanskrit also. All Indian Languages have the influence of Pali language for which the graphemes are being influenced Brahmi. All the Indian languages are phonetic in nature. Every Indian language has its distinctive phone sets. North Indian languages are...