We use simple learning models to track the behavior observed in experiments concerning three extensive form games with similar perfect equilibria. In only two of the games does observed behavior approach the perfect equilibrium as players gain experience. We examine a family of learning models which possess some of the robust properties of learning noted in the psychology literature. The interm...

The aim of the study was to define the effect of pharmacological doses of melatonin, an agent known to be a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, on the extracellular matrix composition (glycosaminoglycans and collagen) in the infarcted heart scar. Rats were administered with melatonin at doses of 300 μg/100 g b.w. or 3 mg/100 g b.w. once daily (between 5:00 and 6:00 in the afternoon) or with 1...

Background Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is bad. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) with an excess of immune cells and cytokine/chemokine factors contribute to local systemic immunosuppression in PDAC. 1 Our laboratory has generated single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq.) data from spleens derived PDAC patients healthy counterparts. This demonstrates the existence dendr...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophane (TDO) are two heme-containing enzymes which catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. Both well establish therapeutic targets as important factors in tumor immune evasion mechanism. A number analogues marine pyrroloquinoline alkaloids tsitsikammamines or wakayin have been synthesized, them were synthesized using an original m...

Indolemine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a cytosolic monomeric hemoprotein enzyme that catalyses tryptophan, the least available essential amino acid in the human body, to N-formylkynurenine, which in turn rapidly degrades to give kynurenine. IDO is expressed in different tissues, especially and prominently in some subsets of antigen presenting cells (APCs) of lymphoid organs and also in the placen...

With great interest we read the article by Meeker et al. (1) on abnormalities of telomere length occurring early in the initiation of epithelial carcinogenesis. From in situ assessment of telomere length in formalin-fixed human surgical specimens of epithelial cancer precursor lesions, it was concluded that this methodology may be useful as an early biomarker for monitoring disease prevention s...

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole ring of tryptophan, IDO initiates the production of a variety of tryptophan degradation products called "kynurenines" that are known to exert important immuno-regulatory functions. Because tryptophan must be supplie...