We describe virus variations from patients with influenza-like illness before and after the appearance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Kenya during January 2008–July 2011. A total of 11,592 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from consenting patients. Seasonal influenza B, A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain r...

One-step growth curves of five strains of influenza A, one strain of swine influenza, and three strains of influenza B virus have been analyzed. The influenza A and swine influenza strains showed constant periods of 5 to 6 hours before newly formed virus was liberated from the infected cells, whereas 8 to 10 hours elapsed in the case of the influenza B strains. The yield of virus in the allanto...

background & aim: the recent study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme extract in drinking water on immune response of broiler chickens. experimental:  a total of 245 day-old broiler chicks were purchased and 20 chicks were bled for determination maternal antibody and remaining chicks divided into 5 equal groups. chickens of group a, b and c received 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% ofthy...

background and aims: adenovirus is one of the causative agents of viral conjunctivitis. approximately an average of 40% of viral conjunctivitis is due to adenovirus infection. the rate of infection is usually the highest during the spring and summer months. in this study attempt was made to evaluate the incidence of conjunctivitis due to adenovirus infection in patients referred to one of the a...

We studied anti-influenza cytotoxicity by bulk peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (PBL) cultures derived from older, chronically ill volunteers undergoing vaccination. Vaccinees received either cold-recombinant, live-attenuated influenza A/Korea/1/82 (H3N2) virus intranasally or inactivated monovalent influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) subvirion vaccine intramuscularly. PBL were collected pre- ...

We developed a direct enzyme immunoassay [EIA; Enzygnost Influenza A(Ag) and Enzygnost Influenza B(Ag)] for the direct detection of influenza A and B virus antigens in nasopharyngeal secretion specimens (NPS). The test is performed without sonification of specimens, and results are obtained within 4 h. A direct comparison between direct EIA and quantitation of virus shedding for influenza A and...

Influenza A virus is the respiratory pathogen responsible for influenza. Infection by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus caused severe lower airway inflammation and pneumonia. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects the entire brachial tree, and was one of the commonest underlying medical conditions among patients hospitalized with the 2009 pandemic influen...

the serious influenza-associated complications among immunodeficient individuals such as those who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), highlights the importance of influenza vaccination in these people. therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the antibody responses to influenza vaccine in this group. two hundred subjects were recruited, during autumn 2010 and 2011, t...

Background and Aims: Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been panzootic in Eurasia. In Iran, the H9N2 virus was first isolated from broiler chickens in 1998 in Ghazvin province and it is the most prevalent subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry in Iran at the present time. Materials and Methods: In this study, we se...

UNLABELLED Influenza B virus causes annual epidemics and, along with influenza A virus, accounts for substantial disease and economic burden throughout the world. Influenza B virus infects only humans and some marine mammals and is not responsible for pandemics, possibly due to a very low frequency of reassortment and a lower evolutionary rate than that of influenza A virus. Influenza B virus h...