Effective laboratory methods for identifying avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild bird populations are crucial to understanding the ecology of this pathogen. The standard method has been AIV isolation in chorioallantoic sac (CAS) of specific-pathogen-free embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), but in one study, combined use of yolk-sac (YS) and chorioallantoic membrane inoculation routes increased the...

The use and manipulation of the mycorrhizal symbiosis has enormous potential benefits in tree nurseries and in artificial regeneration programmes. This paper discusses the role of a mycorrhizal inoculation programme in reforestation. Included in this discussion are type of inoculation and response of the host to inoculation. The direct impact of a mycorrhizal inoculation programme will depend u...

A rapid and sensitive cell culture test has been developed to detect herpes simplex virus (HSV) in women with genital herpes. The virus is cultured by inoculation and centrifugation of cell monolayers, and the virus inclusions are detected using an indirect immunofluorescence test. The test takes only 48 hours to complete compared with the conventional cell culture test, which may take up to ei...

effects of inoculation level (4 or 8-fold compared to standard inoculation) and order (standard inoculation before fermentation and 3-fold inoculation at the end of fermentation = 1+3, two-fold inoculation before fermentation and the same at the end of fermentation = 2+2, 2+6, 4-fold before fermentation = 4, 4+4, and 8) of culture inoculums containing probiotics on viscosity, phase separation, ...

A method to estimate the content of selenium in organics was introduced based on reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).The maximum absorption peak of piazselenol was at 330 nm and the optimized temperature and pH value were 40 degrees C and 2.8, respectively. The minimum detection concentration of selenium(IV) was 0.06 microg/mL and the measurable range was 0.12-12.0 m...

Mosquito inoculation is a highly sensitive technique for isolation and titration of dengue virus (DENV) from sera, human tissues, wild animals, or mosquitoes. It has been under utilized since it was described 40 years ago because most dengue laboratories do not have access to an insectary to rear mosquitoes. This technique requires good eye-hand coordination while doing manipulation under a ste...

Inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines for ND, IB, and IC serotypes A and C (OILVAX NB2AC) have been marketed from 1993. In the outdoors, various inoculation sites have been used in chickens because to make the inoculation procedure easier. We examined whether differences would be obtained in the antibody response according to the inoculation sites; the subcutaneous inoculation into the back of th...