Background and Aims: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the major pathogen in poultry. Vaccination is intended to control the disease as an effective solution nevertheless this virus is a growing threat to the poultry industry. F gene open reading frame (ORF) from NDV is 1650 bp, encoding a protein of 553 amino acids that can induce protective immunity alone. The F glycoprotein on the surf...

The control and prevention of infectious diseases through immunization is one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine since Edward Jenner pioneered smallpox vaccination. However, future challenges in improving the efficacy of existing vaccines, development of new prophylactic vaccines for infectious diseases and therapeutic immunization for noninfectious diseases require extensive work ...

Blood circulating from the intestines to the liver is rich in bacterial products, environmental toxins, and food antigens. To effectively and quickly defend against potentially toxic agents without launching harmful immune responses, the liver relies on its strong innate immune system. This comprises enrichment of innate immune cells (such as macrophages, natural killer, natural killer T, and T...

Flying insects exhibit stunning behavioral repertoires that are largely mediated by the visual control of flight. For this reason, presenting a controlled visual environment to tethered insects has been and continues to be a powerful tool for studying the sensory control of complex behaviors. To create an easily controlled, scalable, and customizable visual stimulus, we have designed a modular ...

1 Population Health and ImmunityDivision,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,Melbourne, Australia, 2 Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 3 Infection and Immunity Division,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,Melbourne, Australia, 4 Malaria Immuno-EpidemiologyUnit, PNG Institute of Medical Research,Madang, Papua New Guinea,...

Emerging information about the ability of insects to detect and associatively learn has revealed that they could be used within chemical detection systems. Such systems have been developed around free-moving insects, such as honey bees. Alternatively, behavioral changes of contained insects can be interpreted by sampling air pumped over their olfactory organs. These organisms are highly sensiti...

INTRODUCTION.................................................................. TAXONOMY ..................................................................... MORPHOLOGY ................................................................. STAINING ...................................................................... BIOCHEMISTRY .... RESISTANCE ........................................................

We present a new model of insect antennal lobe in the form of integro-di-erential equation with short-range inhibition. The learning in the model modi0es the odor-dependent input by adding a term that is proportional to the 0ring rates of the network in the pre-learning steady state. We study the modi0cation of odor-induced spatial patterns (steady states) by combination of odors (binary mixtur...