Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and placental insufficiency are characterized by impaired development of fetal pancreatic β-cells. Prolonged reduced glucose supply to the fetus is a feature of both. It is unknown if reduced glucose supply, independent of other complications of maternal undernutrition and placental insufficiency, would cause similar β-cell defects. Therefore, we measure...

Insulin pump therapy has become increasingly popular for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in pediatric patients. Although significant experience has accrued with the use of this modality in older children and adolescents, much less data are available regarding continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the very young. Policies of individual physician practices and insurance companies vary wide...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal insulinotropic hormone that augments insulin secretion in response to meals and lowers blood glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. It has been proposed that a substantial component of the glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1 occurs via insulin-independent mechanisms. However, the interpretations of the studies have been controv...

We previously demonstrated that intra-arterial infusion of insulin attenuates vasoreactivity to phenylephrine and angiotensin II in the forearm of normotensive humans, which suggests that the pressor effects of insulin via sympathetic activation may be offset in peripheral arteries. In the present study, we investigated the effects of insulin on vasoreactivity in hypertensive humans. Seven male...

OHNEDA, A.,OHNEDA, K. and KoIzuMI, F. Insulin Releasing Action of N-Terminal Peptides of Glucagon in Dogs. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1992, 167 (4), 287-295 The relationship between the molecular structure and insulin releasing action of glucagon remains unknown. In order to investigate the direct action of N-terminal peptides of glucagon, glucagon (1-14), and glucagon (1-21) were studied using an in...

This study aimed at evaluating whether increased availability of the natural precursor of nitric oxide, L -arginine, could influence systemic hemodynamic and rheologic parameters in humans and whether the effects of L -arginine are mediated by endogenous insulin. 10 healthy young subjects participated in the following studies: study I, infusion of L -arginine (1 g/min for 30 min); study II, inf...

To study the route by which plasma insulin enters cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the kinetics of uptake from plasma into cisternal CSF of both insulin and [14C]inulin were analyzed during intravenous infusion in anesthetized dogs. Four different mathematical models were used: three based on a two-compartment system (transport directly across the blood-CSF barrier by nonsaturable, saturable, or a co...

The discovery of the antiinflammatory effect of insulin and the proinflammatory effect of glucose has not only provided novel insight into the mechanisms underlying several disease states but has also provided a rationale for the treatment of hyperglycemia in several acute clinical conditions. Van den Berghe et al. previously showed the benefits of intensive glycemic control with insulin in pat...

BACKGROUND This study compared the pharmacokinetics, postprandial glycemic response, and pain associated with intradermal lispro insulin delivery using a microneedle with that of a conventional catheter. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Five subjects with type 1 diabetes were administered a bolus infusion of lispro insulin using a 9-mm-long subcutaneous catheter (control treatment) and a 0.9-mm-long micr...

OBJECTIVE Most patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) discontinue insulin therapy and remain in near-normoglycemic remission. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glucotoxicity on beta-cell function during remission in obese patients with KPD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age- and BMI-matched obese African Americans with a history of KPD (n = 8), severe hyperglycemia...