PURPOSE To investigate the distribution of cone density and spacing as well as the preferred packing arrangement of the cone mosaic as a function of retinal eccentricity. METHODS An adaptive optics retinal camera (rtx1, www.imagine-eyes.com) was used to obtain images of the parafoveal cone mosaic in nineteen healthy volunteers. Cone density and spacing were estimated for each subject (both ey...

Reconstructed human skin equivalents are currently being investigated as in vitro models for the prediction of human skin toxicity and irritation responses. Three different industrial reconstructed skin models (EpiDerm, Episkin and SkinEthic) and one in-house equivalent were characterized and compared using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and reduction of (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2...

This paper proposes a model to calculate statistical gate-delay variation caused by intra-chip and inter-chip variabilities. The variation of each gate delay directly influences the circuitdelay variation, so it is important to characterize each gate-delay variation accurately. Every transistor in a gate affects transient characteristics of the gate, so it is indispensable to consider an intrag...

BACKGROUND Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive method of determining hemodynamic parameters. It is clinically important to determine whether any change in ICG parameters occur due to changes in disease status or therapeutic interventions, or due to normal hemodynamic and technology variability. The objective of this study was to establish the intra- and inter-day reproducibility of IC...

Leptopoma is a species rich genus with approximately 100 species documented. Species-level identification in this group has been based on shell morphology and colouration, as well as some anatomical features based on small sample sizes. However, the implications of the inter- and intra-species variations in shell form to the taxonomy of Leptopoma species and the congruency of its current shell ...

Intra-observer and inter-study reproducibility of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl trintrate (GTN)-mediated dilatation by CMR at 3Tesla were assessed. Coefficients of variation (CoV) were calculated using the root mean square method. The intra-observer CoV, assessed in 15 subjects, was 15% for both FMD and GTN response. The inter-study CoV, assessed in 17 subjects, wa...

in order to study the effects of intra and inter-row spaces and planting pattern on the yield components, seed and oil yield of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo l.), a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized block design with three replications during 2009-2010 at the agricultural research station of ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran. two levels of inter-row space (1 an...

BACKGROUND Biological variation data for free plasma amino acids are lacking from the more comprehensive databases. Therefore, we determined the intra- and inter-individual components of variation in healthy subjects. These data were used to define desirable goals for imprecision, bias and total error, indices of individuality and reference change values. METHODS Plasma samples were collected...