BACKGROUND Adherence to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) results in the reduction of the number and severity of relapses and delays the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with lower adherence rates experience more inpatient visits and higher MS-related medical costs. Fingolimod, the first oral DMT approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, may improve the access and compli...

BACKGROUND Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving long-term, subcutaneous interferon β-1b (IFN β-1b; Extavia®) often experience injection-site reactions and injection-site pain, which together with other side-effects (such as flu-like symptoms) result in suboptimal treatment compliance/adherence. The EXCHANGE study evaluated patient satisfaction with IFN β-1b treatment, administered us...

The HIB 1B cell line, derived from a brown fat tumor of a transgenic mouse, is the first established brown adipocyte cell line capable of expressing the brown fat-specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP). UCP gene expression, which was virtually undetectable under basic conditions, was stimulated by acute catecholamine or cyclic AMP treatment to levels comparable to primary cultures of b...

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF beta 1) has been suggested to play a role in the development, growth or progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Genotype and serum titer of HCV also affect the occurrence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C. In this study, we were to evaluate the effects of genotype or serum titer of HCV on the expression of TGF beta 1. We also intended to exam...

BACKGROUND Recombinant interferon treatment can result in several common side effects including fever and injection-site pain. Patients are often advised to use acetaminophen or other over-the-counter pain medications as needed. Little is known regarding the transcriptional changes induced by such co-administration. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We tested whether the administration of acetam...

Introduction and Aim: Beta-thalassemia patients develop chronic infections due to the hepatitis G virus (HGV), frequent blood transfusions. This study aimed isolate these viruses from beta-thalassemia Iraqi investigate into 5'UTR genomic region of prevalent genotypes in this region. Materials Methods: The included 154 patients. Blood samples were collected each individual participating study. G...

Poor treatment adherence is problematic in many therapy areas, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Several immunomodulatory drugs are available for the treatment of MS, all of which require frequent parenteral administration. Current first-line therapies are two formulations of interferon (IFN) beta-1a, one of IFN beta-1b, and one of glatiramer acetate. Discontinuation of treatment is common, pa...