Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females in India, as per urban cancer registries. The Annual Age Adjusted Rate (AAR) varies from 30 per 100,000 in Mumbai to 33.4 per 100,000 in Delhi (Manoharan et al., 2010). LABC refers to large breast tumors (>5 cm) associated with either skin/ chest wall involvement or with fixed axillary lymph nodes or spread to ipsilateral internal mammary or...

In 1962, Bloom and colleagues described the natural history of locally advanced breast cancer.[1] (For the purposes of this manuscript, we will define locally advamced breast cancer as tumors that measure more than 5 cm, tumors that extend to the chest wall or skin, and tumors with fixed ipsilateral nodes or ipsilateral internal mammary nodes. These characteristics therefore correspond to opera...

BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma metastasis to the breast is a rare disease. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 58-year-old postmenopausal Caucasian woman with metastatic malignant melanoma of unknown origin of the right breast. She presented with a palpable lump in the inferior quadrant of her right breast. The investigations concluded it was breast metastasis from a malignant melanoma ...

Abstract Background Due to the high variability of incidence and prevalence intra-mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs), they might be overlooked during clinical radiological examinations. Properly characterizing pathological IMLNs detecting factors that influence their in different stages breast cancer aid proper therapeutic decision-making could possible prognostic value. Methods Medical records were r...

The transport and intralymphatic deposition of interstitially injected radiocolloid of suitable physical properties are medi ated through physiological processes and provide the means for obtaining scintigraphic images of drainage lymph nodes relevant to the injection site. In a large series of patients with breast carcinoma, high correlation has been shown between the internal mammary lymphosc...

The main basin for breast lymphatic drainage is ipsilateral axilla. However, extra-axillary drainage may be seen in some patients. The most common extra-axillary site is internal mammary chain, while contralateral axillary drainage is an extremely rare situation in previously untreated patients. We describe a case of untreated right breast retroareolar carcinoma with contralateral axillary drai...

Lymph node status is the most important clinicopathological prognostic factor for breast cancer patients and in most breast units it reflects only the axillary lymph nodes. A second often overlooked basin consists of the internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) whose evaluation is not done as a routine step during the staging process. We highlight the need to consider incorporation of IMLNs into a ...

The relation among glutathione-related enzyme activities, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances of the human aorta and internal mammary artery, and serum lipids was studied in 40 male patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly higher in the internal mammary artery, whereas glutathione transferase activity was ...

BACKGROUND A central venous catheter enables the measurement of hemodynamic variations, such as accurate central venous pressure; catheter malposition may induce potentially fatal complications. This case report describes a rare central venous catheter tip malposition in the right internal mammary artery. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old Japanese woman who presented with severe pneumonia secon...