Abstract. Objective: Incontinence and functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in young children associated with higher rates of psychological symptoms mental disorders. This article focuses on the mutual association between incontinence related toilet refusal syndrome, parental stress, children’s psychopathology especially children. Methods: Children’s symptoms, disorders, stress level...

Despite the availability of hundreds of treatment studies in the scientific literature, we know little about whether these treatments work in regular practice. We present an updated review of treatment effectiveness studies for psychological problems in children and adolescents. A literature search yielded 20 recent articles describing effectiveness studies for the treatment of anxiety disorder...