BACKGROUND In cooperation with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative, the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) initiative aimed to develop a guideline on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes (i.e., constructs or domains) included in a "Core Outcome Set" (COS). A COS is an agreed minimum set of...

The increasing development of apps for digital devices provides an opportunity for new instruments to assess hallucinations in young individuals. Here we present the Multisensory HAllucinations Scale for Children (MHASC), dedicated to assessing complex early-onset hallucinations. The MHASC will soon be translated into multilanguage versions with the support of the International Consortium of Ha...

Atomic clocks, masers, and other precision oscillators are likely to be placed on the International Space Station and other satellites in the future. These instruments will have the potential to measure Lorentz-violation coefficients, and in particular may provide access to parts of the Lorentz-violation coefficient space at levels not accessible with Earth-based experiments. The basic issues a...

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. METHODS Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of...

Introduction: Modern medicine employs a wide variety of instruments with different physiological effects and measurements. Periodic verifications are routinely used in legal metrology for industrial measuring instruments. The correct operation of electrosurgical generators is essential to ensure patient’s safety and management of the risks associated with the use of high and low frequency ele...

The paper deals with the nature of female genital mutilation (FGM) as a highly gendered, harmful practice, which has in meantime been formalized crime. Especially Istanbul Convention is regarded driving force behind this legal development. But beyond that, Convention, well Belem do Para and Maputo Protocol before have defined located very FGM within violence against women. By doing so, prior (f...

as a commercial instrument, bank check has an important role in the life of international economy. therefore, along with unification of international regulations for bill of exchange and promissory note, the idea of applying uniform regulations to the check was gradually improved led to the approval of three genève conventions in march 1931. the said conventions were accepted by most countries ...

The problem of how to mitigate the impact of pharmaceutical patents on the delivery of essential medicines to the world's poor is as far from being resolved as it has ever been. Extensive academic commentary and policy debate have achieved little in terms of practical outcomes. Although international instruments are now in place allowing countries to enact legislation that permits the generic m...