The important of oil revenues and their role in strengthening international reserves is one the topics that have aroused interest many researchers, because from exporting crude are subject to fluctuations size due impact on several factors including prices global quantities exported
 Iraqi economy unilateral rentier economies dependent only resource, so it has become necessary maintain an ...

The article presents the main problems of finding and involving labor reserves in Russian economy. directions economic transformation reflecting market are determined. approaches to assessment from positions number,number hours work, qualification level revealed. Trends demand for certain professions connection with introduction information computer technologies conditions interdependence natio...

Power generation reserves play a central role for maintaining the balance of generation and consumption. Reserves, scheduled in advance, compensate for forecast error, variability and transmission losses. However, as reserves are a costly commodity, their amount should be carefully assessed to prevent unnecessary expense. Currently, the quantity of required reserves are determined based upon a ...

Some studies suggest that fishery yields can be higher with reserves than under conventional management. However, the economic performance of fisheries depends on economic profit, not fish yield. The predictions of higher yields with reserves rely on intensive fishing pressures between reserves; the exorbitant costs of harvesting low-density populations erode profits. We incorporated this effec...

We map and analyse the Human Footprint Index at 1 km scale for 1834 terrestrial Nature Reserves of mainland China. There are fewer, larger, more pristine reserves in the colder, drier, less densely-populated pastoral areas of the north and west; and more numerous, smaller, more heavily modified reserves in the warmer, wetter, more densely populated arable agricultural areas of the south and eas...

1. Invasive species threaten marine biodiversity on a global scale. 2. To test whether marine reserves provide resistance to invading species, the abundance of two conspicuous invaders, a seaweed and an oyster, were measured inside marine reserves and in comparable areas outside reserves in north-western Washington State. 3. Densities of both invaders were significantly higher in marine reserve...

We analyze the network of bilateral liquidity swaps (BSAs) among the ASEAN+3 countries. We find that the network has taken the correlation of capital flows in the region into account, in the sense that countries with lower correlation of reserve growth have engaged in larger BSAs. All else equal, a decimal point increase in the correlation of international reserve growth decreases the size of a...

Independently owned nature reserves are proliferating across the developing world. Nevertheless, the conservation community knows practically nothing about them. This paper examines the economic, ecological, and social impacts of ecotourism, as evidenced at thirty-two of these reserves. Ecotourism is shown to be the primary means through which reserves survive financially. This reliance provide...

Synopsis: The paper ‘bridges the divide’ between the biological and economic literature on marine reserves. It provides a selected review of the traditional use of reserves, the early reserve literature, the potential benefits of reserves, spillovers from reserves to harvested areas and bioeconomic models of marine reserves. The bioeconomics literature is examined from the perspectives of deter...