tetanus can be only prevented by vaccination because immunity against this disease is rarely acquired, even by natural infections. to maintain long-term protective immunity against tetanus, booster immunization is essential for adolescents and adults. most hospitalized cases and virtually all deaths occur in people over 60 years of age. the purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of...

neopterin, apyrazinopyrimidine compound, is produced by macrophages after induction by interferon gamma (ifn-y) and serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation followed by oxidative stress. the aim of this study was to determine urinary neopterin to creatinine ratio (uncr) as a surrogate marker of cell-mediated immune activation in multiple sclerosis (ms). three weekly early morning...

Abstract The tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 encodes the enzyme Lyp (PEP in mice) all immune cells. 5–10% of North American population expresses autoimmunity risk allele 1858C>T (rs2476601) causing amino acid substitution R620W (R619W mice). This mutation alters lymphocyte activation, toll-like receptor signaling, and cytokine production. Ptpn22 knockout (PEP-null) alternative allele-express...

Background. Several researchers have studied the effects of type of feedback on learning motor skills, but there are few studies on the interaction between personality traits and the type of feedback. Objectives. This study aimed at investigating the effect of type of feedback on intrinsic motivation and learning volleyball jump serve in students with neuroticism. Methods. A total of 59 femal...