In the present study, we investigate impact of discounts on valuation performance initial public offerings. Review existing literature reveals that such lacks examination in terms as most studies focus methods. Accordingly, examine offerings before and after applying discounts. Whereby, underwriters apply a deliberate discount to fair value estimate setting final offer price. We assess through ...

Background: The purpose of this study was to reveal the macroeconomic determinants that companies take into account when scheduling initial public offerings (IPOs). Methods: For purpose, relationship between frequency IPOs and selected indicators in stock market G-7 countries for period 1999-2020 examined by panel data analysis met...

This study aims to analyze the impact of a credit crunch on firm's likelihood conducting an IPO during COVID-19 pandemic. The is still limited, majority which focuses financial crises 1998 or 2008. Meanwhile, pandemic was triggered differently, beginning with real sector rather than crisis. On other hand, industry may take into account as solution issue capital shortage brought by Studies effec...

In recent years, the initial public offerings of technology companies on Indonesia Stock Exchange have drawn great interest investors. However, difficulties arise in assessing valuation a relatively new company, hence retail investors may turn to other fundamental factors such as sales growth and issuing size with online media become source information forum for discussions. These activities ar...