BACKGROUND Root canal irrigation carries a risk of extrusion of irrigant into the periapical tissues which can be associated with pain, swelling, and tissue damage. Studies have shown less extrusion with sonic or apical negative pressure devices compared with syringe and side-port needle or passive ultrasonic irrigation with continuous irrigant flow. This study aimed to evaluate the effectivene...

In light of the scarcity irrigation water, extreme wastage saline soils, and dominance traditional water management methods, presented research transpired in 2020 Directorate Agriculture, ALHashimiya area, Hilla City, Iraq. The latest study aimed to investigate effects subsurface drip system (SDIS) flood (FIS), with three distances 18, 20, 22 cm on two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, i.e., ‘T...

The great challenge of the agricultural sector is to produce more crop from less water, which can be achieved by increasing crop water productivity. The modernization of the irrigation systems offers a number of possibilities to expand the economic productivity of water and improve the virtual water status. The objective of the present study is to assess the global water productivity (GWP) with...

Modern irrigation systems utilize sensors and actuators, interconnected together as a single entity. In such entities, A.I. algorithms are implemented, which are responsible for the irrigation process. In this paper, the authors present an irrigation Open Watering System (OWS) architecture that spatially clusters the irrigation process into autonomous irrigation sections. Authors’ OWS implement...