This extensively updated unit describes the detection of HIV DNA and RNA using PCR using two basic techniques for quantifying the levels of viral DNA and RNA in infected cells. The schemes for both techniques include isolation of nucleic acids, PCR reactions and detection of amplified products using Southern blotting.

Circulating (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are two different steps in the metastatic process. Several recent techniques have allowed detection of these cells in patients, and have generated many results using different isolation techniques in small cohorts. Herein, we review the detection results and their clinical consequence in esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, and live...

We separated lipoprotein fractions on a preparative scale by two techniques of polyacrylamide-gel block electrophoresis. Completeness of separation of the various lipoproteins, which were subsequently extracted from the gels, was verified by re-electrophoresis and by immunologic techniques. A principal advantage of this method over ultracentrifugal isolation is the relatively short time require...

Since the last comprehensive review by Otto Sticher on natural product isolation in NPR (O. Sticher, Nat. Prod. Rep., 2008, 25, 517), a plethora of new reports on isolation of secondary compounds from higher plants, marine organisms and microorganisms has been published. Although methods described earlier like the liquid-solid chromatographic techniques (VLC, FC, MPLC, HPLC) or partition chroma...

Performance isolation among multiple programs on a multicore platform is difficult to achieve due to contention in the shared architectural hardware resources such as shared caches and DRAM. In this paper, we present a case study—using WebRTC, an open source real-time video conferencing software developed by Google—that compares state-of-art techniques to achieve performance isolation. We first...

For a typical MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) nonlinear dynamic system, fault detection and isolation usually aim at process faults with an assumption that actuator faults and sensor faults do not occur at the same time, which is not always the case. This paper uses Extended State Observer for real-time process fault detection and fuzzy inference for fault isolation. It then investigates ...

The poultry industry is now operating under increased regulatory pressure following the introduction of the pathogen reduction and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) rule in 1996. This new operation scheme has greatly increased the need for on-farm food safety risk management of foodborne bacteria, such as Salmonella. Information needed to make informed food safety risk management d...

Many previous techniques for the isolation of endogenous retroelements such as LINE-1 retrotransposons have produced major sampling bias or required laborious procedures. These problems led to the isolation of only older elements in some cases. In other cases, specialized systems were required for the isolation of recently transposed elements. We report here a system for the easy isolation of m...

Medicinal plants containing essential bioactive ingredients are used to cure disease or disorder since time immortal. One of the aims of medicinal plant research is the isolation and identification of markers/ bioactive compounds. Isolation of the markers compounds and bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. Separation of these components from the me...

UNLABELLED To date, only three rickettsial species have been found in ticks in Slovakia by serological and/or molecular-biological techniques, namely Rickettsia slovaca, Candidatus rickettsia IRS, and Rickettsia raoultii. Recently, we succeeded in isolation of the forth species, Rickettsia helvetica from Ixodes ricinus, the most frequent tick in Slovakia. The isolation, positive for 10% of test...