Background: Hemodialysis is a process of removing waste and excess fluid from blood when kidneys cannot function efficiently. It often involves diverting blood to the filter of the dialysis machin to be cleared of toxic substances. Fouling of pores in dialysis membrane caused by adhesion of plasma protein and other toxins will reduce the efficacy of the filtre.Objective: In This study, the infl...

Filter is one of the main components of embankment dams. By a simple but effective performance, filter protects the dam against erosion and soil scouring in impervious core caused by leakage (piping) and makes it safe. Interaction between filter and erodible base soil is a complex phenomenon which is dependent upon several factors, and has challenged researchers for better understanding the fil...

Conventional water treatment plant generates two types of process wastes, filter back wash water and sludge. Characteristic studies of these wastes reveals that it contains high solids content, metals and bacteriological concentration, which are generally more than permissible disposable standards. Direct disposal of these wastes in to natural stream pollutes the receiving streams, affects huma...

We introduce a new approach to design FIR energy compaction filters of arbitrary order N . The optimization of such filters is important due to their close connection to the design of an M-channel orthonormal filter bank adapted to the input signal statistics. The novel procedure finds the optimum product filter Fopt(z) = Hopt(z)Hopt(z-') corresponding to the compaction filter Hopt(z ) . The id...

A brief survey of a paper by Peter Steffen, et al. Introduction G.K. Chesterton, an English author and journalist from the turn of the century, once stated he desired to write a story about a man setting sail from England in search of a new and foreign land. Eventually, when the man reached the island of his destination, he found it to be the most extraordinary and fascinating place. Unbeknowns...

Introduction: The CT machine utilizes a bowtie filter to shape the X-ray beam and remove lower energy photons. Configuration of this bowtie filter is complex and its geometry is often not available in detail. It causes the CT dose index (CTDI) be with the different values in measurement versus Monte Carlo simulation studies and other analytical calculations. It is important esp...

This paper presents an approach for image and video scaling using multirate signal processing. The main objective is to scale images with arbitrary rational scaling ratio without visible aliasing or distortion artifact. The approach can be applied to grey scale images, color images and video signals in both spatial domain and time domain. Cosine modulation is used to minimize the required on-ch...

Background: Butterworth, Gaussian, Hamming, Hanning, and Parzen are commonly used SPECT filters during filtered back-projection (FBP) reconstruction, which greatly affect the quality and size accuracy of image. Materials and Methods: This study involved a cardiac phantom in which 1.10 cm thick cold defect was inserted into its myocardium wall and filled with 4.0 μCi/ml (0.148 MBq/ml) 99mTc conc...