Just War Theory can be found in almost all major cultures. But since war was a business that could not be easily stopped, some aimed to constrain it. In its classic form, Just War Theory has been around for several centuries—ever since nationhood in Europe replaced provincial governments. Having made some introductory considerations, I will ask: should Just War Theory be left as it is, changed,...

For Saigō Takamori, the end of the shogunate was at hand. For three bloody and frantic days in January, 1868, his imperial army bombarded, pounded, and scattered the forces of Shogun Tokugawa Keiki. Four years of political machination, coup d'état, civil war, and radical thought had culminated at last in sweet triumph. Saigō was understandably elated. His victory meant the end of violence and t...

Our knowledge on traumatic surgery at the beginning ?f the last war was very different from our knowledge on this subject at the end of that war; still further changes had occurred by the beginning of the present war; to-day we know much more than we did in September 1939; and one may reasonably assume that by the end of this war considerable further changes ?will have taken place. Therefore, t...

A National Animal Traction Survey carried out in South Africa in 1994, indicated that a substantial number of commercial as well as small scale farmers are using or would like to use draught horses on their farms. A major draw back for such farmers is the unavailability of suitable animadrawn implements. As a result, although many farmers would like to use draught horses, few do because of the ...