The impact of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation on the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration as well as on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration is studied using a stochastic soil moisture model within the Budyko framework. Results indicate that given the same long-term mean annual precipitation and potential evaporation, including interannual var...

■ Abstract The influence of surface orography on patterns of precipitation gives rise to some of the most pronounced climate gradients on Earth, and plays a fundamental role in the interaction between the atmosphere and the rest of the Earth System on a wide variety of time scales. The physical mechanisms involved comprise a rich set of interactions encompassing fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, ...

Graptolite–argillites (black shales) are studied as potential source of different metals. In the processing technologies graptolite–argillites, a preceding thermal treatment is often applied. this study, behavior Estonian graptolite–argillite (GA) samples from Toolse, Sillamäe and Pakri areas were using Setaram Labsys Evo 1600 thermoanalyzer coupled with Pfeiffer OmniStar Mass Spectrometer. The...

A 56-year time series of human plague cases (Yersinia pestis) in the western United States was used to explore the effects of climatic patterns on plague levels. We found that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), together with previous plague levels and above-normal temperatures, explained much of the plague variability. We propose that the PDO's impact on plague is conveyed via its effect on...

The NASA Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), Spirit and Opportunity, landed on the Red Planet in January 2004. Both rovers are equipped with a miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II [1]. Designed for a three months mission, both rovers and both Mössbauer instruments are still working after more than three years of exploring the Martian surface [2]. At the beginning of the mission, with a lande...