During the last 20 years, the main clinical effects of vitamin K2 on bone homeostasis have been investigated in both indirect and direct vitamin K treatment regimens. This chapter is mainly based on randomized clinical trials (RCT) lasting for more than 1 year. As for vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, indirect treatment) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone MK‐4 and MK‐7 direct treatment), respectively, the cl...

BACKGROUND Nutrition researchers recently recognized that deficiency of vitamin K2 (menaquinone: MK-4-MK-13) is widespread and contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The deficiency of vitamin K2 or vitamin K inhibition with warfarin leads to calcium deposition in the arterial blood vessels. METHODS Using publicly available sources, we collected food commodity availability data and deriv...

In this article, we consider the bipartite graphs K2 × Kn. We first show that the connectedness of N (Kn n+1) = 0. Further, we show that Hom(K2 ×Kn,Km) is homotopic to Sm−2, if 2 6 m < n.

We show that for every 3-connected cubic graph G, the prism G×K2 has cycles of every even length. Furthermore, if G has a triangle, then G × K2 is pancyclic.

Several bone protective factors are reported to exhibit stimulatory activities on bone formation coupled with inhibitory effects on bone resorption; one such factor is vitamin K2. Vitamin K species [K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone)] have long been associated with bone protective activities and are receiving intense interest as nutritional supplements for the prevention or amelioration of...

Despite similar stimulatory actions on the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-mediated sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule, insulin promotes kaliuresis, whereas insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) causes a reduction in urinary potassium levels. The factors contributing to this phenomenon remain elusive. Electrogenic distal nephron ENaC-mediated Na(+) transport establishes driving force for ...

BACKGROUND Vascular calcification and osteoporosis share similar etiopathogenetic mechanisms. Vitamin K2 deficiency could be responsible of the so called "calcium paradox", that is the lack of calcium in the bone and its storage in the vessel wall. These events may have clinically relevant consequences, such as cardiovascular accidents, and bone fractures. AIM To review the biological functio...

While various indirect methods are used to detect exoplanets, one of the most effective and accurate is transit method, which measures brightness a given star for periodic dips when an exoplanet passing in front parent star. For systems with multiple transiting planets, gravitational perturbations between planets affect their times. The difference times allows measurement planet masses orbital ...