In the recent past the standard treatment of kala-azar involved the use of pentavalent antimonials Sb(V). Because of progressive rise in treatment failure to Sb(V) was limited its use in the treatment program in the Indian subcontinent. Until now the mechanism of action of Sb(V) is not very clear. Recent studies indicated that both parasite and hosts contribute to the antimony efflux mechanism....

The rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the direct agglutination test (DAT) for Leishmania donovani infection in the Sudan. rK39 ELISA proved more sensitive than DAT in diagnosis of kala-azar (93 and 80%, respectively); both tests may remain positive up to 24 months after treatment. For patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and individuals with subclinic...

Kala-azar, which was prevalent in the vast area of China that lies to the north of the Yangtze River from the 1920s to the 1950s, is now effectively under control as a result of strenuous intervention since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Apart from 15-20 new cases that occur annually in the Keshi plain, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the achievements of control practised i...

Histoplasmosis is a fatal infectious disease of tropical America resembling kala-azar of India. It is characterized clinically by splenomegaly, emaciation, irregular pyrexia, leucopenia and anemia. The pathological features are the invasion of endothelial cells in the smaller lymph and blood vessels and capillaries by enormous numbers of a small encapsulated microorganism (Histoplasma capsulatu...

Twenty-seven out of five hundred and fifty three patients hospitalized for visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) died during treatment with sodium antimony gluconate. Data from these patients were evaluated to find out the cause of death. Eight patients had associated diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis (3), severe malnutrition (1), acute gastroenteritis (1), spleenic infarction (1), acute ren...

INTRODUCTION Early identification of patients at higher risk of progressing to severe disease and death is crucial for implementing therapeutic and preventive measures; this could reduce the morbidity and mortality from kala-azar. We describe a score set composed of four scales in addition to software for quick assessment of the probability of death from kala-azar at the point of care. METHOD...

objective: ajowan is an annual herbaceous essential oil of carum copticom. the main components of the oil are tymol, β-pinene, γ- terpinene and sabinene.the fruit oil of carum copticum has been reported to have several therapeutic effects including anti fungal, anti bacterial and anti viral,... candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus and transforms into pathogenic form in favorable conditio...

Previous studies (1) of the nasal secretions of patients suffering from kala-azar yielded the following facts: (a) Smears from the nasal cavities of fifteen patients, when examined microscopically, revealed the presence of Leishman-Donovan bodies in nine cases. (b) Smears from the surface of the pharyngeal tonsil and from the saliva of one of these nine cases also showed the presence of leishma...

a brief resume of the events leading up to them. At an informal discussion between Majors II. W. Acton and R. Knowles and Dr. Napier in 1922 it was resolved that the difficult and important problem of kala-azar transmission should be the first to be investigated by the various workers at the School who were in a position to undertake this work. It was shewn by Acton and Knowles (1914) in their ...

I have used milk injections for over six years in various morbid conditions where I considered them beneficial. There is usually a reaction with a hopeful prognosis and a feeling of general well-being when the reaction is over. While Resident Physician at the Medical College Hospitals, Calcutta, I saw several cases of enlarged spleens and treated them by local counter-irritants and general medi...