Venturia inaequalis is the causal agent of apple scab, a devastating disease of apple. We outline several unique features of this pathogen which are useful for molecular genetics studies intended to understand plant-pathogen interactions. The pathogenicity mechanisms of the pathogen and overview of apple defense responses, monogenic and polygenic resistance, and their utilization in scab resist...

BACKGROUND The Alberta Project Promoting active Living and healthy Eating in Schools (APPLE Schools) has been recognized as a "best practice" in preventing childhood obesity. To inform decision making on the economic implications of APPLE Schools and to justify investment, we evaluated the project's cost-effectiveness following a life-course approach. METHODS We developed a state transition m...

We describe a method for generating sentences from “keywords” or “headwords”. This method consists of two main parts, candidate-text construction and evaluation. The construction part generates text sentences in the form of dependency trees by using complementary information to replace information that is missing because of a “knowledge gap” and other missing function words to generate natural ...

Background and Purpose: Patulin is one of the important mycotoxins, produced by a wide range of molds, including Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Bysochlamys. Patulin is mainly found in the rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, such as apples, pears, peach, apricots, and grapes. Currently, the Codex Alimentarius and Food and Drug Administration have recommended a maximum level of 50 μg/L patul...

Apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) is the fourth fruit in importance and Iran ranks fifth in apple production in the world. Longevity of juvenility in apple extends breeding cycles and makes its breeding a tough job. To alleviate this barrier via genetic engineering, the genes involved in flowering and floral development of apple and their function must be identified and characterized. Most of thes...