1 Department of Global Change Research, Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (Universitat de les Illes Balears-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Esporles, Spain, 2 Department of Marine Resources and Ecology, Institut Mediterrani d’Estudis Avançats (Universitat de les Illes Balears-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Esporles, Spain, 3 Biological and Environmenta...

many studies conclude that the rise in global food prices due to higher demand from the development of biofuels, climate anomalies, and increased of oil prices. not only the food commodity index rose more than 60 percent, nonfood commodity price index also rose over 60 percent and crude oil price index has increased even further above 60 percent. the purpose of this study is to analyze the impa...

internationally recognized golestan forests are among the most endangered features threatened by anthropogenic activities. being located in north-west of iran, south-east of caspian sea, gorganroud watershed is mostly influenced by deforestation activities. in this study the identification of regional atmospheric and hydrologic patterns and their role in conforming floods in gorganroud water ba...

in this paper, according to the data of 17 weather stations in khuzestan during 1951–2012, the trend of climate changes and its severity were evaluated. a consistent correlation was highlighted for trends of de martonne index as indicator of climate and temperature index in some stations. based on the results of the temperature analysis, 88.31% of the province became warmer, 6.3% became colder,...

Climate change will affect grasslands in a number of ways, but the consequences of a warmer, drier world for grazers is uncertain. Predicting future grazer performance is complex since climate change affects both the quantity and quality of forage through a combination of processes that occur over a range of time scales. To better predict the consequences of climate change for grazer performanc...

Predicted changes to the Earth's climate are likely to affect above-belowground interactions. Our understanding is limited, however, by past focus on two-species aboveground interactions mostly ignoring belowground influences. Despite their importance to ecosystem processes, there remains a dearth of empirical evidence showing how climate change will affect above-belowground interactions. The r...

The common versions (referred to as self-calibrated here) of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) are calibrated and then applied to the same weather series. Therefore, the distribution of the index values is about the same for any weather series. We introduce here the relative SPI and PDSI, abbreviated as rSPI and rPDSI. These are calibrated u...

31 Climate models are essential tools for assessing future climate change. In making predictions, it 32 is beneficial to examine simulations from various models that are developed at centers around the 33 world. The simple average over an ensemble of such models is often taken as the optimal 34 prediction, which in studies of current climate is demonstrated as being more accurate than 35 relyin...