This paper develops a new method to study how workers’ career and wage profiles are shaped by internal labor markets (ILM) job hierarchies in firms. We tackle the conceptual challenge of organizing jobs within firms into hierarchy levels proposing data-driven ranking based on observed worker flows between occupations apply our linked employer–employee data from Norway that record fine-grained o...

today, unemployment has become a major problem in national level as well as in yazd province. the presence of high unemployment has caused considerable amount of wastage of active human resources of the society which otherwise could have been used in various prosperous activities. as a result this situation may lead to poverty, corruption, unequal income distribution and other negative conseque...