We argue in this paper that Levantine rock art in the Spanish Mediterranean basin allows us to ‘map’ the economic landscape of its makers. Rock art would be the ‘monumental’ side of a dual process of landscape construction: on the one hand, rock art is the first ‘cultural’ action on the landscape beginning in the Early Neolithic; on the other hand, the first evidence of active modification of t...

The behavior of several landscape pattern metrics were tested against various pattern scenarios generated by neutral landscape models, including number of classes, scale-map extent, scale-resolution, class proportion, aggregation level—RULE, and aggregation level—SimMap. The results demonstrate that most of the metrics are sensitive to certain pattern scenarios, yet are not sensitive to others;...

Land-surface processes include a broad class of models that operate at a landscape scale. Current modelling approaches tend to be specialised towards one type of process, yet it is the interaction of processes that is increasing seen as important to obtain a more integrated approach to land management. This paper presents a technique and a tool that may be applied generically to landscape proce...

Recent experiments suggested that forager honey bees, Apis mellifera, can store 'cognitive maps' of a landscape, i.e. internal representations that allow them to take novel short cuts while flying between sites that they had visited separately from the nest. Replication of these experiments revealed that the behaviour predicted by the map hypothesis is better explained by the hypothesis that be...

Examples from the Murray–Darling basin in Australia are used to illustrate different methods of disaggregation of reconnaissance-scale maps. One approach for disaggregation revolves around the de-convolution of the soil–landscape paradigm elaborated during a soil survey. The descriptions of soil map units and block diagrams in a soil survey report detail soil–landscape relationships or soil top...

The great medieval settlement of Angkor in Cambodia [9th-16th centuries Common Era (CE)] has for many years been understood as a "hydraulic city," an urban complex defined, sustained, and ultimately overwhelmed by a complex water management network. Since the 1980s that view has been disputed, but the debate has remained unresolved because of insufficient data on the landscape beyond the great ...

In the context of this work a number of rules for landscape design editor development are proposed. These rules are aimed at the support of the reciprocal influence of the relief and objects located on its surface. An experimental graphical editor of dynamic 3D scenes has been created on the basis of relief shape inheritance principle (inheritance of z coordinate of any object). Various inherit...

The Mediterranean area is one of the most significantly altered hotspots on Earth, since it has been intensively affected by human activity for millennia. As a result, only 4.7% of its primary vegetation remained unaltered and the landscape has been repeatedly transformed. In this paper, we aimed at detecting both the direction and the rate of landscape change focusing on the effects of human a...

Due to the spatial scale at which most empirical landscape studies are performed, replica-tion is rarely feasible, and experimenters may require artiicial replication through the use of landscape models that are synthetically generated. In our view, a landscape is a heterogeneous region on the surface of the earth, and a landscape model is a simpliied representation (e.g. as a digital map) of a...

We map the Eigen model of biological evolution [Naturwissenschaften 58, 465 (1971)] into a quantum spin model with non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Based on such a connection, we derive exact relaxation periods for the Eigen model to approach static energy landscape from various initial conditions. We also study a simple case of dynamic fitness function.