We introduce a protocol for schema evolution in a globally distributed database management system with shared data, stateless servers, and no global membership. Our protocol is asynchronous—it allows different servers in the database system to transition to a new schema at different times—and online—all servers can access and update all data during a schema change. We provide a formal model for...

This paper shows a data model for transforming and assembling document information such as SGML or XML documents. The biggest advantage over other data models is that this data model simultaneously provides (1) powerful patterns and contextual conditions, and (2) schema transformation. Patterns and contextual conditions capture conditions on subordinates and those on superiors, siblings, subord...

We have developed a software prototype toolkit called Bellcore Schema Design and Integration (BERDI). Its goal is to support a pragmatic, flexible, faster, and accurate process of designing new schemas (including data model integrity constraints and extensive dictionary information) as well as managing multiple schemas. Emphasis of BERDI so far has been on the analysis, interdependency specific...

Generating Web site schema is a core step for value-added services on the web such as comparative shopping and information integration systems. Several approaches have been developed to detect this schema. For a real web site, due to the complexity of the site schema, post process of this schema such as labeling the schema types, comparing among different schema types and generating an extracto...

This paper describes a technique to support interoperable query processing when multiple heterogeneous knowledge servers are accessed. The problem is to support query transformation transparently, so a user can pose queries locally, without any need of global knowledge about diierent data models and schema. In a companion paper, an architecture for supporting interoperability was described and ...

Schema and ontology matching is a critical problem in many application domains, such as semantic web, schema/ontology integration, data warehouses, e-commerce, etc. Many different matching solutions have been proposed so far. In this paper we present a new classification of schema-based matching techniques that builds on the top of state of the art in both schema and ontology matching. Some inn...

To date, the principal use case for schema matching research has been as a precursor for code generation, i.e., constructing mappings between schema elements with the end goal of data transfer. In this paper, we argue that schema matching plays valuable roles independent of mapping construction, especially as schemata grow to industrial scales. Specifically, in large enterprises human decision ...

Property graphs have reached a high level of maturity, witnessed by multiple robust graph database systems as well the ongoing ISO standardization effort aiming at creating new standard Graph Query Language (GQL). Yet, despite documented demand, schema support is limited both in existing and first version GQL Standard. It anticipated that second Standard will include rich DDL. Aiming to inspire...

In this paper, we classify, review, and experimentally compare major methods that are exploited in the definition, adoption, and utilization of element similarity measures in the context of XML schema matching. We aim at presenting a unified view which is useful when developing a new element similarity measure, when implementing an XML schema matching component, when using an XML schema matchin...