Semantic technology research has tried to add a new layer of meaning to data to make it more accessible. As part of that, question answering system has facilitated interaction between human and computer by enabling communication in natural language. The primary focus of question answering system research has been on the analysis of the question in the sense that the answer can be predicted from...

Aumann (1990) proposes a signaling game of particular interest to natural language pragmatics; it is a variant of a “stag hunt” game. In a stag hunt game, there is a conflict between cooperation—which yields a relatively high payoff for both participants—and safety, wherein in a player receives an guaranteed, low-risk payoff. The strategic normal form of Aumann’s version of the game is shown in...

The paper reports on experiments in which autonomous visually grounded agents bootstrap an ontology and a shared lexicon without prior design nor other forms of human intervention. The agents do so while playing a particular language game called the guessing game. We show that synonymy and polysemy arise as emergent properties in the language but also that there are tendencies to dampen it so a...

Petri nets are an important language in the mathematical modelling of events. They are a composition of the arcs, places and transitions. In this paper we propose efficient models of game playing using Petri net modelling language. The concept of game theory finds multiple applications ranging from science and engineering to social, psychological, economic fields, while gaming theory refers to ...

The Game Description Language (GDL) is a special purpose declarative language for defining games. GDL is used in the AAAI General Game Playing Competition, which tests the ability of computer programs to play games in general, rather than just to play a specific game. Participants in the competition are provided with a game specified in GDL, and then required to play this game. Recently, there ...

We study an evolutionary language game that describes how signals become associated with meaning. In our context, a language, L, is described by two matrices: the P matrix contains the probabilities that for a speaker certain objects are associated with certain signals, while the Q matrix contains the probabilities that for a listener certain signals are associated with certain objects. We defi...

We introduce AI rationalization, an approach for generating explanations of autonomous system behavior as if a human had performed the behavior. We describe a rationalization technique that uses neural machine translation to translate internal state-action representations of an autonomous agent into natural language. We evaluate our technique in the Frogger game environment, training an autonom...

In the classic telephone game, the content of a spoken message evolves as it passes from player to player. Beyond its entertainment value, the telephone game may have considerable scientific utility: Here we investigate the nature of the linguistic knowledge people use to comprehend language by tracking the evolution of a set of visually-presented sentences in a web-based version of the telepho...

Game-based learning is one of the modern pedagogical approaches beginning to gain attention in education. The intention of adopting games in learning is to offer an additional option for online teaching and to provide students with possibilities to acquire skills and competencies. The teacher’s perspective game-based learning motivates students to become active learners while offering alternati...