Although there is considerable variability, most individuals with Down syndrome have mental retardation and speech and language deficits, particularly in language production and syntax and poor speech intelligibility. This article describes research findings in the language and communication development of individuals with Down syndrome, first briefly describing the physical and cognitive pheno...

there were some great scientists like austin and searle in the growth stage of pragmatics, especially searle who has offered an executive procedure was completed by some discourse analysis elements, and it has completed the speech acts theory of austin. this survey considers the sermon of jihad in nahj ul-baläghah book by using its speech acts. by considering five speech acts, their direct and...

For the past two decades, speech-act theory has been one of the basic tools for studying pragmatics from both a theoretical and an experimental perspective. In this paper, I want to discuss certain aspects of the theory with respect to data from early communication in children. My aim will be to show that some of the central assumptions of the speech-act model of utterance comprehension need to...

Listening taking over half of the learners’ time and effort (Nunan, 1998), forms a basis for acquiring much of a language. There are factors affecting listening comprehension and its perception, such as the speech rate, phonological properties of the text, the quality of the recording, the learners’ anxiety, and listening comprehension strategies (Goh, 2000; Hamouda, 2013). At the Iran Language...

The presented study reveals the theoretical prerequisites for expediency of applying personally oriented and pragmatic approaches to integrated learning English special purposes, in particular, when studying learner needs future journalists. necessity explore specific field professionally communication (POEC) journalists is determined by requirement adapt language policy higher education instit...

Human-machine dialogue aims at providing natural dialogue in natural language, i.e., allowing the user to speak using his own language (natural language), following a structure of moves and exchanges that is similar to human dialogue structure (natural dialogue). Related research works feed on linguistics, which analyses language markers, and pragmatics, which analyses language use in context. ...

In past studies, different kinds of gestures have shown different developmental trajectories, with iconic gestures being acquired after words and other gestures before. Similarly, when speech is missing or weak, iconic gestures are rarely used in compensation. These results suggest that iconic gestures are less independent of speech than other kinds of gestures. The present study tested this id...