Lactic acid bacteria have long been utilized in fermented foods and dairy products such as cheese, these play an important role food bio-preservation, organoleptic properties development, quality improvement. The purpose of this research was to determine assess the biotechnological characteristics lactic isolated from traditional Algerian cheese "J'ben". Fifteen (gram positive, catalase negativ...

Abundance and multilateral extension of prominent genus and species of Brachiopoda in the majority of sedimentation series of the Late Devonian have been observed in all parts of Iran. The variability and rapid change in this respect has made it possible to delineate different lines of orthogenetism, biozonation and present biostratigraphical models at the sub-stage level. These characteristics...

InBase, the Intein Database (http://www.neb.com/neb/inteins.html ), is a comprehensive on-line resource that includes the Intein Registry. Inteins are protein splicing elements that mediate a self-catalytic protein splicing reaction. InBase presents general information as well as detailed data for each intein, including tabu-lated comparisons and a comprehensive bibliography.

Tetrapods evolved from sarcopterygian fishes in the Devonian and were the first vertebrates to colonize land. The locomotor component of this transition can be divided into four major events: terrestriality, the origins of digited limbs, solid substrate-based locomotion, and alternating gaits that use pelvic appendages as major propulsors. As the sister group to tetrapods, lungfish are a morpho...

The fossils assigned to the tetrapod stem group document the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates from lobe-finned fishes. During the past 15 years the phylogenetic structure of this stem group has remained remarkably stable, even when accommodating major new discoveries such as the elpistostegid Tiktaalik. Here we present a large tetrapodomorph fish from the Late Devonian of China that disrupt...

Due to morphological resemblance, polypterid fishes are used as extant analogues of Late Devonian lobe-finned sarcopterygians to identify the features that allowed the evolution of a terrestrial lifestyle in early tetrapods. Previous studies using polypterids showed how terrestrial locomotion capacity can develop, and how air ventilation for breathing was possible in extinct tetrapodomorphs. In...

A nautiloid conch containing many disarticulated exoskeletons of Omegops cornelius (Phacopidae, Trilobita) was found in the Upper Devonian Hongguleleng Formation of the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China. The similar number of cephala, thoraces and pygidia, unbroken thoraces, explicit exuviae, and lack of other macrofossils in the conch, indicate that at least seven individual t...

One important mechanism for functional innovation during evolution is the duplication of genes and entire genomes. Evidence is accumulating that during the evolution of vertebrates from early deuterostome ancestors entire genomes were duplicated through two rounds of duplications (the 'one-to-two-to-four' rule). The first genome duplication in chordate evolution might predate the Cambrian explo...

—Because of the fragmentary preservation of the earliest Cooksonia-like terrestrial plant macrofossils, younger Devonian fossils with complete anatomical preservation and documented gametophytes often have received greater attention concerning the early evolution of vascular plants and the alternation of generations. Despite preservational deficits, however, possible physiologies of Cooksonia-l...