For a composite with thin interface layers between inclusions and the matrix, the effective elastic properties and the effective conductivity (thermal or electric) are almost unaffected by the layers, provided (1) the layer thickness is much smaller than the inclusion sizes and (2) the contrast between the properties of the layers and either of the phases is not overly high. For composites with...

PURPOSE To determine the relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the retina and retinal substructure in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, OCT images of human and bovine retina were acquired after sequential excimer laser ablation of the inner retinal layers. Measurements of bands in the OCT images were compared with measurements of retinal layers on histology of t...

The tribological properties of two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers are quite different from three-dimensional continuum materials because of the unique mechanical responses of 2D layers. It is known that friction on graphene shows a remarkable decreasing behavior as the number of layers increases, which is caused by the puckering effect. On other graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO)...

in this paper, the rolling force and reduction ratio have been investigated in multilayer strip rolling. for this purpose, two different set of multilayers have been selected which are al/st/al and cu/al/cu layouts. at first, the validation of the numerical analysis was performed by using an experimental test. after validation of the numerical results, two set of multilayer layouts were simulat...

PURPOSE Develop the first normative database of the thickness of every inner retinal layer in the macular area in a healthy, Caucasian population between 18 to 87 years old, using Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). METHODS On this transversal, observational study, 300 patients between 18 to 87 years old and without an ophthalmological condition were recruited. Macular OCT scans we...

The structural characteristics of the outer retinal layers in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) are still controversial, and these changes, along with those in the inner retinal layers, could have clinical and/or pathophysiological significance. A custom-built ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) combined with an automated segmentation algorithm can image and measure th...

We synthesized CuZr/Cu multilayers and performed nanoindentation testing to explore the dependence of plastic deformation modes on the thickness of CuZr layers. The Cu layers were 18 nm thick and the CuZr layers varied in thickness from 4 nm to 100 nm. We observed continuous plastic co-deformation in the 4 nm and 10 nm CuZr - 18 nm Cu multilayers and plastic-induced shear instability in thick C...

PURPOSE To evaluate an interferometric method for measuring the thickness of the pre- (PLTF) and postlens tear film (POLTF) in subjects wearing hydrogel contact lenses. The precision and accuracy of measuring postlens tear thickness is compared with a previous method based on optical pachymetry and mechanical measurement of contact lens thickness. METHODS Reflectance spectra (562-1030 nm) fro...

the main problemswith the use of fossil fuels is the restrictions on their access and the detrimental consequences of their use which causes a threat to human health and quality of life. consequently, the use of other energy sources has become necessary. renewable energy as a permanent and clean energy source is an answer to this problem. one such energy source includes photovoltaic solar energ...