Linguistic steganography is a form of covert communication using natural language to conceal the existence of the hidden message, which is usually achieved by systematically making changes to a cover text. This paper proposes a linguistic steganography method using word ordering as the linguistic transformation. We show that the word ordering technique can be used in conjunction with existing t...

We provide a unified mathematical explanation of two classical forms of spatial linguistic spread. The wave model describes the radiation of linguistic change outwards from a central focus. Changes can also jump between population centres in a process known as hierarchical diffusion. It has recently been proposed that the spatial evolution of dialects can be understood using surface tension at ...

In our paper we describe the structure and implementation of a semi-automatic evaluation environment for natural language processing in speech understanding systems. The major goal of this evaluation framework is to support the construction of linguistic processors and their accompanying linguistic knowledge bases (grammars) in order to reduce development costs and raise quality. Our evaluation...

The sound pressure level (SPL) of vowels received by a listener reflects several non-linguistic and linguistic factors: It varies as a function of distance, vocal effort, and vowel quality. Increased vocal effort involves, in addition to an increase in SPL, an emphasis of higher frequency components and increases in F0 and F1. This should allow listeners to distinguish it from decreased distanc...

The sound pressure level (SPL) of vowels received by a listener reflects several non-linguistic and linguistic factors: It varies as a function of distance, vocal effort, and vowel quality. Increased vocal effort involves, in addition to an increase in SPL, an emphasis of higher frequency components and increases in F0 and F1. This should allow listeners to distinguish it from decreased distanc...

The post-high school transition period is believed to be associated with considerable changes in social networks, yet longitudinal studies documenting these changes are scarce. To address this gap, the current research explored 3 relevant issues. First, changes in participants' relationship characteristics during the transition from high school were examined. Second, the roles of personality tr...

BACKGROUND Research has reported that pregnant women and mothers become forgetful. However, in these studies, women are not recruited prior to pregnancy, samples are not representative and studies are underpowered. AIMS The current study sought to determine whether pregnancy and motherhood are associated with brief or long-term cognitive deterioration using a representative sample and measuri...

We present a model of cultural evolution in which an individual's propensity to engage in social learning is affected by social learning itself. We assume that individuals observe cultural traits displayed by others and decide whether to copy them based on their overall preference for the displayed traits. Preferences, too, can be transmitted between individuals. Our results show that such cult...

A given type of psychotherapy (e.g., psychodynamic) is associated with a set of specific change techniques (e.g., interpreting defenses, identifying relationship themes). Different change techniques can be conceived of as influencing different parts of personality (e.g., interpreting defense increases conscious awareness). An integrated model of personality is presented. Then, change techniques...