To relax the Term Independence Assumption, Term Dependency is introduced and it has improved retrieval precision dramatically. There are two kinds of term dependencies, one is defined by term proximity, and the other is defined by linguistic dependencies. In this paper, we take a comparative study to re-examine these two kinds of term dependencies in dependence language model framework. Syntact...

Absolute linguistic universals are often justified by cross-linguistic analysis: If all observed languages exhibit a property, the property is taken to be a likely universal, perhaps specified in the cognitive or linguistic systems of language learners and users. In many cases, these patterns are then taken to motivate linguistic theory. Here, we show that cross-linguistic analysis will very ra...

The subject of this research is linguistic (or: language) audit. The term is new and not being widely used so far. Linguistic audit, in particular, is offered as a service of linguistic-consulting agencies’ activities. Modern linguistic consulting, according to the author, is a form of stimulating theoretical and practical development of linguistic ecology, a new branch of applied linguistics, ...

It is well known that parallel corpora are valuable linguistic resources. One of the benefits of such corpora is that they allow for the building an annotated corpus for resource-poor languages via crosslanguage transfer. That is, given accurate alignment between a word from a source language and its equivalent in a target language, some linguistic information, such as part-of-speech tags or sy...

The Arabic Treebank (ATB), released by the Linguistic Data Consortium, contains multiple annotation files for each source file, due in part to the role of diacritic inclusion in the annotation process. The data is made available in both ”vocalized” and ”unvocalized” forms, with and without the diacritic marks, respectively. Much parsing work with the ATB has used the unvocalized form, on the ba...

The paper examines the impact of the income distribution in a less-developed country (LDC) on its patterns of trade, through its influence on home market demand patterns. In a learning-by-doing model with nonhomothetic preferences, the authors show that import substitution under low inequality generates more focused learning and enhances trade potential more effectively. In addition, relative w...

Coverage has been a constant thorn in the side of deployed deep linguistic processing applications, largely because of the difficulty in constructing, maintaining and domaintuning the complex lexicons that they rely on. This paper reviews various strands of research on deep lexical acquisition (DLA), i.e. the (semi-)automatic creation of linguistically-rich language resources, particularly from...

In this paper, the multi-person decision making problems with various different types of incomplete linguistic preference relations are studied. Some new concepts, including incomplete uncertain linguistic preference relation, incomplete triangular fuzzy linguistic preference relation, incomplete trapezoid fuzzy linguistic preference relation, expected incomplete linguistic preference relation ...

This study examined four universal operating principles for first language acquisition proposed by Slobin (1973) and MacWhinney (1978). The applicability of these principles to second-language acquisition was tested by teaching children and adults a miniature linguistic system. The results suggested that the four principles played a major role in the learning of the system by 5-to 7-year-olds b...

English to Czech machine translation as it is implemented in the TectoMT system consists of three phases: analysis, transfer and synthesis. The system uses tectogrammatical (deep-syntactic dependency) trees as the transfer medium. Each phase is divided into so-called blocks, which are processing units that solve linguistically interpretable tasks (e.g., statistical part-of-speech tagging or rul...