REDD+ is moving beyond readiness and piloting into real implementation, where measured verified emission reductions can result in payments to countries or subnational governments [...]

Contract farming has gained in importance many developing countries. Previous studies analysed effects of contracts on smallholder farmers’ welfare, yet mostly without considering that different types contractual relationships exist. Here, we examine associations between contract and farm household income the oil palm sector Ghana, explicitly differentiating two contracts, namely simple marketi...

Abstract. From the perspectives of many environmental and conservative policy makers, improving and diversifying the livelihoods have been found as a mechanism to promote the livelihoods and persuade people to avoid the overexploitation and degradation of natural resources. Due to the fragility of the environment and inconsistency of incomes, the alternative income sources may be promised to wa...