A single inhaled dose of laninamivir octanoate (LO), a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, exhibits efficacy in treating both adult and pediatric patients with influenza virus infection. The intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of LO and laninamivir, a pharmacologically active metabolite, were investigated by a single-center, open-label study of healthy adult volunteers. Subgroups of five subj...

Animal studies have shown that electromagnetic field exposure may interfere with the activity of brain cells, thereby generating behavioral and cognitive disturbances. However, the underlying mechanisms and possible preventions are still unknown. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF MFs) on a recog...

This study was aimed to observe that extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) may be relevant to changes of major neurotransmitters in rat brain. After the exposure to ELF-MF (60 Hz, 2.0 mT) for 2 or 5 days, we measured the levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites, amino acid neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (NO) in the cortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellum and hippocampus. The...

Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) have the ability to produce a variety of behavioral and physiological changes in animals. The stomach, as the most sensitive part of the neuroendocrine organ of the gastrointestinal tract, is crucial for the initiation of a full stress response against all harmful stress. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether ELF-MF stimuli induc...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) with a frequency of 10 Hz and an intensity of 690-720 μT on the level of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in adult male Wistar rats. A total of 24 adult Wistar male rats were used, and after exposure with an ELF-MF for 15 successive days, all rats in each test were anesthetized ...

Observations of extremely low frequency (ELF) radio atmospherics (sferics), the transient electromagnetic fields radiated by lightning discharges, are used to determine the current moment waveforms of vertical lightning discharges. In order to extract this information the propagation of radio atmospherics from source to receiver must be modeled accurately, especially in view of the important ro...

Vancomycin penetration into the fluid lining the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract was studied by performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage on 14 critically ill, ventilated patients who had received the drug for at least 5 days. The apparent volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage was determined by using urea as an endogen...

This paper demonstrates a method of extracting programs from formal deductions represented in the Edinburgh Logical Framework, using the Elf programming language. Deductive systems are given for the extraction of simple types from formulas of rst-order arithmetic and of-calculus terms from natural deduction proofs. These systems are easily encoded in Elf, yielding an implementation of extractio...

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on depression related behavior, and mechanism involved therein. Mice were exposed to ELF MF (50Hz, 10G) 8h/day for 7, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Depression was assessed using forced swim test (FST), in which no significant effect was observed on 7 t h, 30t h, 60 t h, 90t h exposure day. ...