Direct current (DC) bias leads to increased vibration and noise in transformers. One of the main causes is magnetostrictive effect transformer core. To address this phenomenon magnetostriction, firstly, a transmission line model (TLM) single-phase under DC developed using theory Jiles–Atherton (J–A) ferromagnetic hysteresis theory, taking into account winding copper loss, core eddy leakage effe...

Shape memory alloys have attracted much attention due to their attractive properties for applications as well as their basic aspects of deformation and transformation in structural and magnetic behavior. In 1951, the Au–Cd alloy was discovered [1]. After that, numberless shape memory alloys have been developed. A lot of applications of shape memory alloys were realized after the Ti–Ni alloy was...