A virus infecting a host faces a heterogeneous and a spatially structured environment. Using a mathematical model that incorporates two types of target cells and spatial structuring, we investigate conditions for viral within-host diversification. We show that branching occurs for a wide range of parameters but that it always requires some spatial structure. Applying our model to the case of HI...

To mate, the fungal pathogen Candida albicans must undergo homozygosis at the mating-type locus and then switch from the white to opaque phenotype. Paradoxically, opaque cells were found to be unstable at physiological temperature, suggesting that mating had little chance of occurring in the host, the main niche of C. albicans. Recently, however, it was demonstrated that high levels of CO(2), e...

BACKGROUND The efficacy of mode switching to predict atrial fibrillation has been established in the literature. There have been few studies investigating the incidence and clinical implication of mode switch episodes quantified from implantable cardioverter defibrillator and pacemaker interrogation. We sought to investigate the incidence of mode switch recurrence in patients with implantable c...

We give an update on the worldwide spoligotype database, which now contains 3,319 spoligotype patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 47 countries, with 259 shared types, i.e., identical spoligotypes shared by two or more patient isolates. The 259 shared types contained a total of 2,779 (84%) of all the isolates. Seven major genetic groups represented 37% of all clustered isolates. Two types ...

Two interruption handling strategies were distinguished based on experimental data. Reactive strategy implies an immediate switch from the main task after the onset of interruption. Proactive strategy relies on investing additional processing in the creation of a stable, interference-resistant representation of the main task. It is shown that in the though proactive strategy is associated with ...

A brief history of air pollution Accounts of air pollution in the UK date back to the 13 century. Early occurrences resulted from rapid population growth, urbanisation and changes in fuel use – in particular the medieval switch from wood to coal, especially in brick kilns and domestic fireplaces. Coal combustion in industrial furnaces, boilers and, above all, in domestic fireplaces, was the mai...

background: the late postoperative course for children with transposition of the great arteries (tga) with an intact ventricular septum (ivs) is very important because the coronary arteries may be at risk of damage during  arterial switch operation (aso). we sought to investigate left ventricular function in patients with tga/ivs by echocardiography. methods: from march 2011 to december 2012, t...