The test data on the size effect in the failure of masonry walls and some parts of the discussion of size effect are valuable. However, the theoretical description of the size effect is in my opinion invalid. The use of the "multifractal scaling law" proposed earlier by the senior author is unjustified, for the same reasons as it is for concrete structures. The reasons are explained in detail i...

Masonry is a composite material that can be defined as a material incorporating a visible internal structure and having a low strength in tension. The latter characteristic has shaped most civil engineering structures up to the advent of reinforced concrete and iron/steel. The paper will detail two separate modelling issues: micro-modelling and homogenisation techniques, which represent both a ...

There is an urgent need to evaluate the environmental impacts of both traditional and more recent innovations in sustainable building materials. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) single three-storey (aboveground) terrace Ireland composed three timber-framed residential workplace units. The supply raw materials, their transport manufacturing site, processes for materials used ac...

The Roman Pantheon is among the largest unreinforced masonry dome ever built and is an unparalleled example of the construction capabilities of the ancient Romans. As one of the most well-known buildings in the world, its preservation remains important because of its cultural and societal significance, and the methods used to assess the safety of historic masonry structures continue to be devel...

Accurate assessment of the overall mechanical behavior masonry, composed bricks and mortar joints, remains challenging due to its inhomogeneous orthotropic nature. In this study, feasibility various mean-field homogenization schemes for three-dimensional elastic properties masonry is comprehensively investigated. Three kinds patterns are considered, including stack bonded pattern, running patte...

Two modeling techniques for practical nonlinear static analysis are implemented to support the development and usage of a new Limit Design method for special reinforced masonry shear walls. The new seismic design alternative is under consideration for future versions of the building code requirements for masonry structures in the U.S. The proposed simplified models were applied to a planar one-...

Granular coal combustion products are problematic waste materials whose use as aggregates in concrete has been extensively studied. However, its integration into other non-structural and elements not so widely documented. Masonry mortars, precast masonry units with different ratios of bottom ash replacing conventional have With the incorporation workability, density strength decrease whereas po...