BACKGROUND The lumbosacral disc with the adjacent iliac crest and its relationships to neurologic, visceral, and vascular structures is difficult to approach with cannula-based retractor systems. Previous, less invasive approaches have been described to access this space. Anterior, presacral, and transforaminal approaches each have approach-related complications that have prevented their widesp...

Telerobotics research for Super Long Distance has been underway between MITI of Japan and NASA JPL of United States. Foe this telerobotics, the limited amount of data transfer, communication delay and the uncertainty of robot environment will be the major issues. To overcome these problems, a telerobotic system, with a knowledge base for object handling, an environment model and a hybrid compli...

Quantum cryptography bases the security of key exchange on the laws of quantum physics and will become the first application of quantum information methods. Here we present the design of novel hardware components which enabled the demonstration of secure key exchange over a 23.4 km free-space link.

background decentralisation aims to bring services closer to the community and has been advocated in the health sector to improve quality, access and equity, and to empower local agencies, increase innovation and efficiency and bring healthcare and decision-making as close as possible to where people live and work. fiji has attempted two approaches to decentralisation. the current approach refl...

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We provide preliminary evidence that listening to music through headphones alters the perception of space around the body -- specifically, the interpersonal distance maintained between the self and others. In comparison to an external auditory environment, wearing headphones or earplugs increased the amount of space maintained between the wearer and another person during an active approach para...

Introduction: Various surgical approaches to parapharyngeal space (PPS) tumors are introduced to obtain complete removal with the preservation of the surrounding structures in parapharyngealneoplasms. Here, we will discuss the main techniques and their outcome.   Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 78 patients undergone either transoral, tran...

-In this article, we present a two-stage neural network structure that combines the characteristics o f selforganizing map ( S O M ) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) for the problem of texture classification. The texture features are extracted using a multichannel approach. The channels comprise o f a set o f Gabor filters having different sizes, orientations, and frequencies to constitute N-dim...

There have been calls from several sources recently for a renewal of class analysis that would encompass social and cultural, as well as economic elements. This paper explores a tradition in stratification that is founded on this idea: relational or social distance approaches to mapping hierarchy and inequality which theorize stratification as a social space. The idea of 'social space' is not t...